A Critical Analysis of the Operational Performance of General Vo Nguyen Giap free essay sample

The paper initiates with a diagram of his experience, before specifying the order necessities made of him during the crusade. The Hersey-Blanchard model is clarified, and afterward looked at against Giap’s administration strategy. From high school extremist to general 4. Vo Nguyen Giap was destined to a worker family in 1911. Around then Vietnam was for the most part a country. Beside the urban communities of Hanoi and Saigon, populace fixations depended on little towns overhauled by common capitals. Towns were frequently little groups of estates, and were especially amassed in the region of the two significant streams in the country, the Mekong in the south and the Red in the north. Vo Nguyen’s town, A Xa was situated in QuangBinh area. 5 This was probably the most unfortunate district in Vietnam, and strikingly found neighboring the seventeenth equal, which was later to turn into the focal point of national division. 6 5. Vo Nguyen was brought up in a firmly nationalistic family that set a high need on training. His dad was exceptionally regarded inside the locale both for his investment in the protection from French guideline during the 1880s, and his application to examines. He guaranteed that his child got fair training that consolidated conventional Confucian Vietnamese substance and qualities. 7 Giap turned out to be knowledgeable in the rising patriotism of the time, and was noted as an intense and eager understudy of the subject. 8 He showed a specific enthusiasm for methods of political idea, and was particularly pulled in to crafted by Lenin, Marx, Engels, and Mao Tse-Tung. He would later turn into a compelling pioneer in the Vietnamese Communist Party. 19 GEDDES PAPERS 2005 6. All through his childhood Vo Nguyen’s limit as an understudy was exhibited with his choice for proceeded with learns at nearby and French foundations. This was profoundly bizarre at that point, most of the Vietnamese populace being uneducated, and just the littlest rate going past grade school. He was in the long run granted degrees in Law and political financial matters, and was noted as an understudy of specific knowledge. He had an impressive capacity to overwhelm others utilizing an adroit point of view, and could rapidly decipher the plan of others. He had a created ability to tune in and banter, yet in addition a natural capacity to pull back with the goal that purposes of dispute would not become critical obstructions. 10 Whilst a post-graduate understudy, Vo Nguyen was likewise a college teacher. He was exceptionally regarded for his capacity to train ever, especially military history. This principally self trained verifiable information was the biggest segment of Giap’s military experience preceding expecting his first order obligations. 11 7. Giap’s unmistakable nature spoke to a union of numerous weights. The arrangement of network freedom, neighborhood reliance, and dependability inside which he was raised was ‘naturally’ at chances with forced French position. The numerous individual nationalistic impacts he had in his initial life fortified these ‘natural’ values, conspicuous later as the mainstays of his optimism. He considered socialism to be the answer for the intricacy which industrialisation had evidently introduced to Vietnam and the world, and profoundly wanted change in Vietnam. Moreover his training, limit as an understudy, and his experience inside scholastic circles had left him a skilled and compelling individual at numerous levels. This office, his enthusiastic confidence in socialism, and his capacity to impact people around him were suffering abilities. Encounters of his childhood had set him up well to adjust to a military situation and for endurance inside the socialist party. Giap and commandâ€revolution in Vietnam 8. The communists’ plan to oust the French was proposed to follow an example of a threestage unrest; conflict, balance, and counteroffensive. Each stage requested specific philosophical conditions to be met before the following; be that as it may, the proportion of each was ill defined. It required the socialist authority to check the status of the populace for extra test and difficulty, a troublesome emotional assurance. 12 This multifaceted nature was characteristic for the earth inside which Giap was to lead. Conflict 9. In 1940 Giap was authorized by Ho Chi Minh to create political awareness among the workers in the north of Vietnam. This center was then stretched out to raising and preparing the principal component of a formalized ‘contention’ to the French occupation: a guerilla power. 3 Giap didn't anyway encounter quick operational accomplishment with his guerillas. His cells were inadequately outfitted, and came up short on the quality expected to expand a genuine operational impact. It was 1942 preceding Giap could have some effect with his new powers, yet and still, at the end of the day it was distinctly through minor action. 14 Over the following three years, be that as it may, he improved the size and capacity of this power, broadening gue rilla activities over the whole northern locale of Vietnam, and altogether disturbing the French occupation. 5 He likewise drove guerilla tasks against the Japanese, an activity that picked up the Vietnamese socialists direct help from the USA and UK, along with extra guide from the Chinese socialists. 16 This was a noteworthy and significant accomplishment without different pioneers, and especially of Ho Chi Minh. 17 Equilibrium 10. As guerilla movement progressively affected upon the French, Giap perceived there was a requirement for bigger scope action to guarantee the accomplishment of the ‘equilibrium’ phase of unrest. He 20 A CRiTiCAL ANALySiS OF ThE OPERATiONAL PERFORMANCE OF GENERAL VO NGUyEN GiAP 1940â€1954 elieved a progression of little triumphs, accomplished by occasionally thinking his guerillas, would damningly affect his adversary. 18 In 1944 Giap raised the principal customary detachment of the ‘Vietminh’ and Ho Chi Minh, needing to incre ment famous help for the upset, taught Giap to assault static French targets. Fruitful, Giap was overpowered with newcomers for his creating principle force,19 the Vietminh rapidly working in size during the rest of the Japanese occupation. By the center of 1945 Giap was telling a standard power numbering 10 000. 20 11. With the finish of WWII and the arrival of Vietnam to French control, Giap’s all out power of Vietminh and guerillas numbered out and out around 30 000,21 yet regardless of extensive accomplishments, including the catch of Hanoi from the Japanese, they were still unpracticed in regular fighting. 22 By 1947 Giap had sorted out his primary power into divisions, and in 1948 was instructing little, moderately fruitful crusades including up to nine contingents. Having picked up in understanding, he started his purposeful exertion to push French powers from the Tonkin area of north Vietnam. On 16 September 1950 he directed a fruitful assault on the Don Khe station utilizing wave ambushes and massed backhanded fire. He lined up on 9 October with an assault on a subsequent post, Cao Bang, as alleviation set up was being directed. This was later viewed as the most noticeably awful thrashing the French had endured in their history of expansionism. 23 Counteroffensive 12. By 1951 Giap’s impressive order stretched out more than five divisions, 12 Artillery Regiments, eight Engineer Regiments, an extra 37 ‘Regional’ Battalions, guerilla powers over all the northern spans of Vietnam, and huge quantities of doormen strategically supporting his primary power. 4 With this now critical capacity, Giap endeavored to catch up his 1950 triumphs. In what was viewed as the principal move of a ‘counteroffensive’ he assaulted Vinh Yen, north-west of Hanoi, with two divisions. This assault fizzled, in any case, and he continued exceptionally substantial loss es. 25 Giap later bombed in set fights on two different events in 1951 while endeavoring to clear the Red River Delta. He assaulted Mao Khe in March, and along the Day River in June. On the two events he was repulsed. The first ‘counteroffensive’ had fizzled. 26 13. In 1953 Vietnamese vital counsels distinguished a one of a kind chance. Global arrangements encompassing the fate of Vietnam introduced the chance to abuse the declining backing of the French populace for the war in Indo-China. Giap perceived that the French demeanor was centring on Dien Bien Phu and he picked this area to next go up against the French. This was a huge test, particularly given ongoing misfortunes and Giap’s own interests in regards to the experience of his soldiers. 27 The last arrangement included an entire of-power action. Giap surrounded the position, and consistently thought his attack and supporting powers. He anticipated diversionary moves into different locales making the impression of befuddled goals, prevailing with regards to weakening French fixation, and debilitated their help lines. He likewise proceeded with guerilla and neighborhood irritating action all through. 28 When the assault was at last propelled his powers had made extensive conditions for progress. This fight, battled on numerous fronts, was the occasion that at last prompted the ejection of the French from Vietnam. Vo Nguyen Giap could never again be viewed as only a guerilla chief. The advancement of relations 14. That Giap was very much regarded by Ho Chi Minh is clear. His quick ascent inside the Party, and direct application to troublesome undertakings all through the insurgency, plainly showed this. Thus, he had extraordinary regard for Ho Chi Minh and his progressive vision, however it was with his subordinates that Giap had the best collaboration. 29 In his initial days he had excited little towns to 21 GEDDES PAPERS 2005 the reason for transformation. His methodology prevailing with regards to creating extraordinary force; when of Dien Bien Phu he had the help of a huge number of vol

Professional Roles and Values Free Essays

string(59) It is significant that the attendant director attempt to help Ms. Proficient Roles Running head: Professional Roles and Values 1 Professional Roles and Values Jennifer Kelso, RN Western Governor’s University Professional Roles 2 Professional Roles and Values The medical attendant chief has the duty of training every last bit of her staff individuals in the significance of using her colleagues to give the most all encompassing consideration to patients. As a medical attendant manager it is imperative to perceive when a colleague is battling with this idea and to give the best possible authority and tutoring so the most ideal patient results can be reliably figured it out. The attendant boss must supplier authority and certainty to attempt to manage her staff in using accessible assets to accomplish the objective of ideal patient consideration and results. We will compose a custom exposition test on Proficient Roles and Values or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now Elevating Interdisciplinary Care To advance interdisciplinary consideration the medical attendant director must figure out how to connect with her staff in the ideas of group building and how to use every individual from the human services group and the interesting commitments that they bring to tolerant consideration. One viable way that I have encountered this by and by is with group building works out. In the facility where I fill in as an enlisted nurture we have week by week group building works out. These activities give a customary chance to additionally become acquainted with one’s collaborators outside of the every day rigors of patient consideration. At my present place of employment I have taken an interest in races, games and scrounger chases, among different exercises. These exercises bring a component of fun and stress help to what may somehow or another be another commonplace gathering, while simultaneously advancing group cohesiveness and kinship. I would suggest that the attendant manager give time in the week by week or month to month plan for her social insurance groups to get together to examine and take an interest in group building works out. Saving time for the entirety of the staff in the center to meet up and take part in group building exercises will help improve union of the staff, improve correspondence and help to assemble comradery. Proficient Roles Another strategy that the medical attendant chief can use to advance the upsides of interdisciplinary consideration is to talk about with and exhibit to her staff how group based medicinal services accomplishes better patient results. The medical attendant director can introduce contextual investigations during group gatherings and ask staff to issue explain how various individuals from the group can be used to address the patients’ needs. These sorts of activities can be utilized to help staff to remember the assets that are accessible to them in the facility. All the individuals from the group, from the nutritionist to the 3 social specialist, carry their gifts and qualities to the table. Having the option to assist staff with perceiving the incentive in using their individual colleagues and to acknowledge what those colleagues offer in the method of improving patient consideration is crucially significant. Another way to deal with attempt in drawing in Ms. W in interdislipnary care is to invest some energy tutoring her. The medical caretaker administrator can put aside time devoted to training Ms. W with respect to the advantages of a group based way to deal with quiet consideration and how to actualize this idea in her own training. A portion of the advantages of interdisciplinary consideration incorporate improved patient wellbeing results and by and large patient fulfillment in the nature of the medicinal services got (Mitchell, Hall Gaines, 2012). One way she could guide Ms. W is to shadow her in a portion of her arrangements and offer help and direction to her as she figures out how to use the assets accessible at the center. The attendant boss could likewise include Ms. W’s partners by having her shadow another supplier and watch a couple of arrangements where the supplier uses the other colleagues and to give solid instances of how this training benefits the patient. It is significant that the medical caretaker director address these issues with Ms. W in a mindful and steady design with the goal of improving the nature of medicinal services and congruity of care that every patient gets. Proficient Roles Delegation and Teamwork To advance appointment and collaboration inside the center, the medical attendant manager must guarantee 4 cap her staff perceives how essentially significant these are to the patient consideration that they give. The medical caretaker boss needs to advance these practices in the working of the facility consistently. Week by week staff gatherings are where everybody can meet up and examine what did and didn't function admirably in the center for that specific week. This is one approach to expand correspondence between staff individuals. Cultivating open correspondence and giving a domain where everyone’s voice can be heard is significant during these gatherings and could be viewed as one of the significant duties of the medical caretaker chief. At the point when representatives can start to value the advantages of an interdisciplinary approach and can perceive the capability of such a methodology for improving patient results then it will be normal that they would need to keep utilizing this methodology. A medical caretaker administrator must be available to respond to staff questions and to help direct them in this procedure while making the most of chances to assist staff with perceiving that the interdisciplinary methodology is improving patient consideration. At the point when the medical caretaker boss methodologies Ms. W with respect to appointment and collaboration, it is significant that she uses the ideas referenced previously. The medical caretaker boss can start the discussion by perceiving and avowing the troubles that Ms. W must have with attempting to give medicinal services to Ms. R, who presents with numerous obstructions to mind. Ask of Ms. W what she sees as the obstructions that Ms. R needs to being consistent with her arrangement of care. Issue settle with Ms. W in a strong and liberal way in regards to different assets the facility has accessible to support this patient. Mastermind to have a facility meeting with different individuals from the staff and examine Ms. R’s conditions and have each colleague talk about what they bring to the table to support this patient. It is significant that the medical caretaker chief attempt to support Ms. W Professional Roles comprehend that there is bolster accessible to assist her with thinking about Ms. R and that recognizing and using the other colleagues in the facility won't just assistance reduce the heap on Ms. W, yet will likewise give progressively complete consideration to Ms. R. Obligation Ms. W has a duty to comprehend that when she assigns undertakings to other staff in the center that she is doing so fittingly and securely. At the point when Ms. W designates any type of the patient’s care it is significant that Ms. W perceive that she is lawfully capable to guarantee that the individual that she designated the assignment to is able. Ms. W must ensure that she is appointing the correct assignment, under the correct conditions, to the ideal individual under the correct bearings with the correct oversight (Anthony Vidal, 2010). It is significant that Ms. W consider the monetary ramifications of appointment and whether she is being a decent steward of center assets (Weydt, 2010). An attendant should know about the expense of administrations and supplies and to consistently endeavor to not be inefficient with social insurance assets. One way an attendant does this is through appointing work to a certified staff part who can securely carry out the responsibility and still accomplish wanted patient results (Weydt, 2010). It is imperative to perceive that there are constrained social insurance assets and the medical caretaker must have the option to productively arrange persistent consideration in a successful and dependable manner that expands understanding results (Weydt, 2010). Trust and open correspondence are the tourist spots of every great relationship and it is the same in an expert relationship. Open correspondence and trust are imperatively significant for Ms. W and the staff to must have the option to work viably as a group. The attendant and the 5 supporting staff must cooperate and have regard for and trust in one another and what one of a kind commitments that they bring to the patient’s care. Proficient Roles To appropriately assign the correct undertaking to the suitable steady staff, Ms. W must consider if the individual that she is appointing to is qualified and has the proper range of abilities to play out the undertaking. It is significant that Ms. W consider whether the undertaking requires any nursing judgment, evaluation, or licensure to be securely done, as these sorts of assignments can't be 6 designated to strong staff (Weydt, 2010). Ms. W must have the option to trust and believe in the abilities of the strong staff (Weydt, 2010). Various assets that Ms. W can use in the center to help with the appointment procedure is to solicit to see the sets of expectations from steady staff to check whether the errand she is requesting that the staff part perform fits part of the set of working responsibilities. She can likewise go with the care staff when they are helping patients to guarantee that she is alright with their abilities. She can likewise look into her medical caretaker practice demonstration of her state and audit the lawful and moral ramifications of designation to guarantee she is maintaining the measures. Ms. W must guarantee that the consideration she is assigning to another colleague is under the correct conditions. It is basic that Ms. W consider the present conditions that the patient is in. Ms. W must survey the patient’s current wellbeing circumstance and afterward choose if it is sheltered, suitable, a great utilization of facility assets and in the patient’s wellbeing to assign an errand to a strong staff (Weydt, 2010). To delegate to the opportune individual Mrs. W must consider the capabilities of the strong staff that she is designating to. Focuses that Ms. W must consider incorporate the expected set of responsibilities, experience, long periods of training and competency of strong sta

How Low IQ Scores Are Determined

How Low IQ Scores Are Determined Theories Cognitive Psychology Print How Low IQ Scores Are Determined By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 13, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 03, 2020 Alessio Damato, Mikhail Ryazanov / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0) More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology While you might often hear a lot of talk about high and low intelligence quotient (IQ) scores, many people arent quite sure what these designations really mean. IQ is short for intelligence quotient, which is a measurement of human intelligence and mental abilities derived from standardized tests. IQ tests include questions that are designed to measure a range of different mental abilities and intellectual potential. These questions focus on things such as spatial recognition, analytical thinking, short-term memory, and mathematical ability. These tests are not meant to measure what a person has learned, but rather what they are capable of doing.   Low IQ scores may be associated with deficits in mental abilities that may impact life areas including school performance and job performance. Low Iq may also affect an individuals ability to live and function independently. What Is a Low IQ Score? An IQ score of 70 or below is considered a low score.?? On most standardized tests of intelligence, the average score is set at 100. Anything over 140 is considered high or genius-level. Approximately 68 percent of all people score somewhere between 85 and 115, the range within 15 points of the average.?? So what does it mean to have a score 70 or below? In the past, an IQ score below 70 was considered a benchmark for mental retardation, an intellectual disability characterized by significant cognitive impairments. Today, however, IQ scores alone are not used to diagnose intellectual disability. Instead, the criteria for diagnosis include an IQ of 70 or below, evidence that these cognitive limitations existed before the age of 18, serious limitations in areas such as learning and reasoning, and severe limitations in adaptive areas such as communication and self-help skills.?? Intellectual disability is the most common type of developmental disorder and affects approximately 0.05 percent to 1.55 percent  of all people. Classifying Low IQ Scores Scores below 85 are often classified in the following way:1 to 24â€"Profound mental disability25 to 39â€"Severe mental disability40 to 54â€"Moderate mental disability55 to 69â€"Mild mental disability70 to 79â€"Borderline mental disability80 to 89â€"Low average What An Average IQ Means History of Low IQ Intelligence quotient is a score derived from a standardized test designed to measure intelligence. IQ tests formally emerged in the early 1900s with the introduction of the Binet-Simon test, which was later revised and became known as the Stanford-Binet. Binet developed his initial test to help the French government identify students with cognitive impairments who needed additional assistance in school.?? IQ tests have proven to be very popular both within psychology and with the general public, but there remains a great deal of controversy about exactly what IQ tests measure and how accurate they are. Older conceptions of low IQ tended to focus purely on cognitive abilities, but more modern approaches also stress how well an individual functions mentally and in areas of everyday life. Individuals with an IQ score below 70 may be diagnosed with an intellectual disability if they also experience impairment in one adaptive domain.?? Examples of such adaptive behaviors include the ability to take care of oneself and the ability to communicate and interact with other people. The term mental retardation was previously used to describe individuals diagnosed with low IQ, but this term is now viewed as an insult and has been largely replaced by the term intellectual developmental disorder or intellectual disability.?? The previous term is still used in some settings, including some diagnostic codes and for insurance purposes. Common Causes of Intellectual Disability The most common causes of intellectual disability include: Genetic conditions such as Down syndromeProblems during pregnancy that impact brain development such as drug and alcohol useLabor and delivery problems, such as not getting enough oxygen at birthInjuries such as head trauma and illnesses such as meningitis and seizure disorders?? Effects of Low IQ Low cognitive ability can present a range of challenges in many different areas of life. Research suggests that low IQ is associated with an increased risk of unsuccessful educational and occupational achievement. Because of the strong link between IQ scores and academic performance, it is important to identify potential problems as soon as possible in order to provide effective interventions and assistance. IQ testing is sometimes used as part of the job screening process. For example, the U.S. military has enlistment standards stipulating that applicants must score at or above the tenth percentile on the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB). Such scores are roughly equivalent to an IQ score of 85.   IQ scores below 70 may indicate the presence of some type of intellectual disability and may be accompanied by difficulties in functioning including learning, self-care, and independent living. IQ testing is often offered in educational, healthcare, and psychological settings, often to diagnose intellectual disability in children. IQ tests are also available online, but many of these are informal assessments and should not be used for diagnosis purposes. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, around 85% of kids with an intellectual disability score between 55 and 70. IQ scores are just one way of measuring mental abilities. While a doctor or psychiatrist will consider IQ scores when diagnosing intellectual disability, they will also look at other factors including adaptive skills and overall functioning. While knowing your IQ score may help you better understand your needs, IQ alone does not determine success in life. Does a High IQ Lead to Greater Success?

The Found Boat and aP Compare and Contrast Essay

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The Killing Spree of Richard Speck Essay - 836 Words

The Killing Spree of Richard Speck Throughout the twentieth century, there have been many mass/serial killers. One killer who may be over-shadowed by the likes of Ted Bundy or Paul Bernardo, is Richard Speck. To some, Speck may be considered a lightweight in the mass murder world but to his victims and their families, he is a man of sub-human character. To prove his poor character, on that frightful night, while he was raping one of his victims he calmly said to her, Would you mind putting your legs on my back?(www.flashback.net/~slayer/speck.htm). Richard Speck was no stranger to violence. Before the frightful night of July 13, 1966, Speck was no stranger to violence. He was suspected in a number of other murders but was never†¦show more content†¦Frustrated and inebriated, Speck led the women into other rooms of the house where he proceeded stab and strangle each one. His final victim was raped before she was murdered. There was however one survivor, that being a woman who managed to hide beneath a bed, out of Specks murderous vision. After the one surviving nurse sought help, a massive manhunt began searching for Speck. The police spread out and believed that only someone who knew the area well could be in involved, since the townhouse in which the nurses lived, was not highly visible. The police searched high and low but did not turn up any hard leads. Meanwhile, Speck continued his binge with alcohol that night and ended up at a bar called the Soko-Grad. There with William Kirkland (a man he met at a previous bar), Speck heard that there was survivor from the massacre. Speck then turned to Kirkland and said, it must have been some dirty m-----f----- that done it(http://va.crimelibrary.com/serials/speck/speckmanhunt.htm). Still playing it cool, three plain clothed officers entered the bar, which Speck was in, asking questions about a tall blonde haired man. While questioning bar patrons, Speck left out the side door and got into a cab. Time passed and Speck knew that the police were on to him. Wanting out, he sl ashed his wrists with a wine bottle and was taken to Cook County Hospital where a nurse tending to his wounds, noticed his tattoo which read Born to Raise Hell, madeShow MoreRelatedThe Twisted Mind of a Serial Killer2301 Words   |  10 Pages sadistic fulfillment, childhood abuse, and genetics. The Federal Bureau of Investigation defines a serial murder as the killing of several victims in ten or more separate incidents over an extended period of time (Dietz 483). Serial murderers are often classified into specific categories. One category is motive; motive killers are sexually sadistic killers or spree killers. The psychology of the killer is another category used to characterize these criminals. These types of killers are classifiedRead MoreEssay on The Mind of a Serial Killer2293 Words   |  10 Pagessadistic fulfillment, childhood abuse, and genetics.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Federal Bureau of Investigation defines a serial murder as the killing of several victims in ten or more separate incidents over an extended period of time (Dietz 483). Serial murderers are often classified into specific categories. One category is motive; motive killers are sexually sadistic killers or spree killers. The psychology of the killer is another category used to characterize these criminals. These types of killers are classified

Violence, Religion, Or Past Experiences - 1158 Words

Culture violence intersect in many different situations both through direct and indirect contact. The two can be observed in multiple settings but I am going to focus on the violence that occurs within Intimate Relationships, particularly between a man and woman, and how women assume the role of the ‘submissive’ partner. I will talk about how different cultural feelings, religions and exposure to intimate partner violence can be an example of culture and violence intersecting by observing the threatening interactions in a violent relationship. This includes violence in societies such as New Zealand which is heavily frowned upon, to other parts of the world where violence is encouraged. Men Women with different cultures and upbringings will all have a different stances on what forms of abuse is okay and not okay. When a woman is in a violent relationship, regarding physical and domestic violence, there are a number of reasons as to why she may or may not stay in the rel ationship. Reasons for staying may be fear, religion, or past experiences. In different parts of the world it would be seen as a selfish for a woman or mother to go out and pursue her desired career path. Because it is expected that she should be a homemaker and raise the children as her job. These feelings can be fueled by what some societies think the correct expectations are for the role of a ‘Mother’. For a long time now there has been the misconception in many cultures that women should sacrificeShow MoreRelatedViolence Is No Understanding Of Peace1012 Words   |  5 Pages I could tell how horrible violence is, but you already know. I could tell you how much pain and suffering violence causes, but you already know. I could tell you of the damage that violence can cause both to oneself and others, but again, you probably already know. Eventually I will get to that but first I must say that without violence there can be no understanding of peace. 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Take Gandhi and Dalai Lama, for example, they both embrace the fact that spiritual evolution is the most important aspect to life. Both leaders take on a role of non-violence actions and are known to represent the idea that people in society can always evolve and transcend to become a better human being. Even though they bothRead MoreSexual Assault On College Campuses1381 Words   |  6 Pagesif there is just heightened awareness. Sexual assault can happen to anybody no matter the gender, race, religion, or age. Recently there have been many studies conducted on sexual violenc e on college campuses and universities producing ample amounts of statistics. One may argue that sexual assault rates are the same, but there are simply more studies and attention on sexual assault in the past 20 years. Gender roles have played a huge part in sexual assault on college campuses. Women and men have

The Effects of the General Environment on Cathay free essay sample

The effects of the Economic segment -The aircrafts are highly dependent on petroleum as the starting energy and the price of petroleum is keeping increase in last few years, so the cost of operation of Cathay Pacific Airlines is unavoidably increase, and the air ticket price also need to be raised to offset the increasing petroleum cost, finally the sales of air ticket of Cathay Pacific Airlines may decrease. The effects of the Technological segment As the broadband Internet connection is developing rapidly in every countries now, the management class persons can use video conference through Internet connection to launch cross-countries meeting, and they can travel by air less to save cost and time . So the sales of business class or first class air-tickets will decrease as the management of every organizations are the sales target of business class or first class air tickets The effects of the Political segment -China is keeping extend the â€Å"Individual Visits Scheme for traveling in Hong Kong† in more cities in China. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of the General Environment on Cathay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page China people are attracted by the reputation of â€Å"Shopping Paradise† in Hong Kong and they have high consuming power, so more people from China will come to Hong Kong for traveling. The sales of the air tickets will increase as the turnover of airline from cities in China to Hong Kong increase. China and Taiwan started the direct flights policy in 2009, and more cities in China will launch the direct airlines to Taiwan, so Hong Kong can’t enjoy the advantages of transit city between China and Taiwan, so the sales of air tickets between China and Taiwan via Hong Kong will decrease as the China and Taiwan adopt open policies in economic cooperation. -Hong Kong and Taiwan had signed the agreement to open the airline market and extend the cargo volume between Hong Kong and Taiwan in 30/12/2011. The sales of air tickets between Hong Kong and Taiwan will decrease as Cathay Pacific Airlines can’t enjoy the oligopoly market advantages in this airline as more competitors will enter this airlines market. However, the sales of air freight services will increase as the extension of cargo volume between Hong Kong and Taiwan. -The volume of Hong Kong Airport will be saturated in coming decade, and reclamation is one of the main methods to extend the Airport. As more people concern about the effects of reclamation to the natural environment in Hong Kong, Hong Kong Government need to evaluate the reaction of Hong Kong people in this suggestion or to suggest other alternative development schemes for airport. If the extension scheme can’t launch on schedule and the volume of Hong Kong Airport saturates in coming years, the company can’t launch or extend more airlines, the competitiveness of Cathay Pacific will decrease. The effects of the Socio-cultural segment As people trend to want to plan their trips themselves, individual travels become more popular and common in Hong Kong, the sales of air tickets may increase if the company study their needs and offer appropriate packages to attract target markets. -As internet usage become more common in Hong Kong, people like to purchase goods or services through web site, like ebay or Tobo. E-commerce is a new tools to boost the sales figure as it is very convenience to do purchasing. If the company can explore the needs of e-buyers, it may take the advantages of sales in internet. -As Hong Kong Government implement 5 days work now, and more private companies also follow the 5 days work pattern. This means more people will have 2 whole holidays every week, if the company can study their needs and offer appropriate package for them, the sales will increase as their demand on holiday trip increase. The effects of the Global segment As USA and Europe are facing economic crisis now, so the purchasing power of people in these countries are turning poor, so the sales of the air tickets and air freights between Hong Kong, USA and Europe will decrease as the people from USA and Europe are not affordable to go travel in Asia and the demand of cargo in USA and Europe importing from China decrease. -European Union will start charging the carbon emission tax from every Airlines to Europe on 1st of January, so the cost of airlines to Europe will increase.

The Advantages of Stupidity Essay Example For Students

The Advantages of Stupidity Essay Most people say being stupid will lead no where. They claim that it is the worst possible condition in which to spend ones life, and if possible, it should be completely avoided. They would even suggest if the symptoms of stupidity are caught in the early stages, it could easily be treated by a surgeon. The most effective method used to do this is the chainsaw technique, later described in volume two. Yet, perhaps if people took a closer look at someof the advantages stupidity had to offer, they wouldnt have such a negative attitude toward it. After reading this paper, one will understand the advantages of stupidity. We will write a custom essay on The Advantages of Stupidity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Admittedly, stupidity has certain disadvantages. Life isnt a bowl of cherries. And being stupid doesnt make it any fruitier. Being stupid can annoy even the most sensitive people. If one acts stupid, and does it in the wrong crowd, like a group of adults, it will seem more immature than funny. If one is forced to act stupid while dealing with lower life forms, for example, high school teachers, one may encounter barriers such as cruelty and insensitivity, with the utterance of statements like, Think with your head straight! or, You have a brain, use it. Yet these areall true, there are still many advantages to stupidity.The first advantage is very easy to understand. Stupid people are never asked to do a lot. Many have noticed that people tend to steer away from someone they feel may be stupid. This is for a very good reason. The stupidity which they posses makes a name for themselves, a name which can be very difficult to shake. Possibly, it is a word which describes the working hab its of the person, such as crappy. Yet, this creates a positive situation for thestupid person.They will have a lot of free time on their hands for more of lifes truly meaningful pleasures. Some of these activities are combing facial hair, and counting the pixels on a Sony TV. Now, there has been a rumour going around that suggests that stupid people have low expectations. This is true. They are so stupid that they dont realize great from O.K. They could have a Sanyocordless phone, but would probably choose instead a Pierre Cardin alarm clock telephone, because it comes free with their sensamatic folding bed. And someone with the advantage of stupidity might have a hard time doing certain tasks, or setting things up. Yet this isnt allbad. For example, if a stupid person leaves the chore, and comes back to it later, no one will be able to understand it. Would they get fired from their job? No. For the very simple reason that no one would understand their work except for them. The job would have to be given back to the stupid person, perhaps with a higher salary, or someone would do it for them, leaving them with even more free time! Free time is great for brainstorming (Admittedly this seems to be a bad choice of words!). Yet the ideas stupid people create tend to be original. For example, when was the last time someone stupid said something, and made one think about it? It seems that people are always talking about someone elses dumb idea. An example of such an idea would be, How many stories will that english teacher drop before having a stroke? This would suggest that stupid people may have the upper hand when it comes to thinking up original ideas. In fact, the next time someone wants an original idea for something, they should try talking to their local, community stupid person. The reason for this is that while a stupid person thinks with his head, he does not do so an organized manner. This is why they have so much creativity. By thinking in this fashion , their ideas have a natural tendency to flow more easily, without the interruptionswhich occur from the editing of thoughts that logical people would have normally. Thus if someone else should say to one, That was a stupid idea! one should merely look that person straight in the eye, and say, Thank-you! This also means that the claim, Stupid minds think alike. is not true. All stupid minds have different ideas, each idea being original. One of the final advantages of stupidity is that stupid people are always remembered, even after graduation day. It has been noticed how a quiet person is always hard to detect, and often remains anonymous. There is a very good reason for this. The mind has a hard time keeping quiet people in its memory track. But it is much easier and pleasing for the mind to remember someone really stupid. Anyways, when was the last time one laughed at an idiot in ones grade 12 class? When was the last time one laughed at the little kid at the back of the room? Th e evidence here proves how stupid people last longer in someones thoughts. The largest advantage which arises from stupidity is that it takes up 2/3 of DNA storage space, which is excellent for keeping stupidity in the family.Thus, stupidity clearly has many advantages, as long as someone is smart enough to use them! It is important to understand that stupid people are like all other humans physically. Yet, because of the difference between smart and stupid people, smart human beings should give them some breathing space. Teachers can learn that someone graced with stupidity, deserves more respect. After all, they are special.

Person who i admire essays

Person who i admire essays The person who i admire most is Juana INes de la criz. She was born in Mexico. She was a smart girl. When she was four years old she learned how to read. When she grew up she was showing all talents and also her beliefs.She was a poet and also the first woman to open the school for women. I think her best qualities are that she was a fighter, she was brave and the she never gave up. Juana Ines de la cruz was a fighter. She fought for women. She wanted and made equal rights for them. She wanted women to study and go to school like the men did. In those days the school was just for the men, and no women were allowed. They thought the women were just for cleaning the house and taking care of their children. But Juana though differently. She thought the womenhad the same rights and opportunities as the men. So she kept studing and studing and when she tried to get in to college they told her that it was just for men. So she entered the college dressed as a man and acting like a man, but they disciovered her and she was expelled from the college. She never gave up. After she was expelled from college she got into a convent with nins. So that way she kept studying and did not marry. That is where she started writing poems about like, how the men and all the society were unfair with the women. One of her poems i like most is called "Hombres Necios." Thas means "Ignorant men." It talks about what the men let women do and what they don't. i think is a grat poem because it says a lot true things about men, women and life. Sge demostrated how brave she was. The society where she lived was ahainst the poems she wrote and her beliefs, but atthough the people were against her, she kept with her own beliefs. She did not stop, until she proved that shool was also for women. sor Juana Ines de la Cruz was a fighter, brave and, the kind of woman that admire her because she is the woman who fought for the freedom of women and for e...

Harry potter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Harry potter - Essay Example This story is all about an orphan boy, and unbeknown to him, he is a wizard and very popular in the world of Wizards and is admitted in the well-known magic academy, Hogwarts school of Witchcraft and Wizardry. Harry, whose ten years of life is surrounded in a tiny cupboard under stairs with the very detestable Dursleys and their nasty son Dudley, could never imagine a life full of magic, but all that is about to change when a letter comes through an owl messenger announcing his admission in the great Hogwarts. Once he makes his way into the school, he becomes aware about the reason for his fame – Lord Voldemort, the most feared wizard who is also referred as â€Å"He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named†. However, the first novel of the whole series mostly shows Harry getting aware of the magic and making friends, nemesis and facing Voldemort for the first time, after getting cursed by him when he was just a baby. As the story evolves one can, to some extent, grasp the few agendas tha t the book seems to be outlining and those are the value of humility and friendship, the dangers of desire and the periodic need of rebellion. Regardless of his surrounding and the people he is dealing with, Harry’s respect and dignity for others is never lost on anyone. Even though he is just a kid, his values and thinking is that of an adult, usually a kid of his age is very naughty, lively, whiny and childlike, but after reading the book and watching the movie one cannot blame him for having any such traits. The value of humility in him can be judged at different turns in the book, for instance, in the academy he is uncomfortable with the popularity and when his potions teacher, professor Snape dubbed him as â€Å"our new celebrity† he gets embarrassed, similarly, when the teacher humiliates him on ignorance of herbs he remains silent, showing respect for the teacher. Interestingly, children often seems to enjoy and take advantage of being famous, but again this is not the case with

The Provisions of the Trustee Act of 2000 Essay - 2

The Provisions of the Trustee Act of 2000 - Essay Example The trustee is the owner of the legal title of property and assets that are held in trust for the benefit of the beneficiaries. As spelled out by Lord Diplock in the case of Gissing v Gissing, a trustee holds the beneficial interest of claimants as cestui Que trust with such testator intention being spelled out in writing. The powers and duties of the trustees are defined in the deed of trust and they must hold regular meetings to demonstrate that they are fulfilling their duties. Trustees are obliged to act in a financially responsible manner to do their best to advance the interests of the trust and to achieve the intent of the testator.In the case of charitable trusts, grants or foundations where the class of beneficiaries is wider and where evidential uncertainties may exist, it places even more importance on the individual discretion of the trustees to invest in a manner that will serve to advance the social goals of the organization rather than be concerned with the accumulatio n of profits. On the whole, trustees have been endowed with the power to exercise their discretion in the matter of investing of the proceeds of the trust and the courts have rarely interfered with the right of the trustees to invest as they see fit. An examination into trust law and history, especially for charitable foundations, reveals the fact that it is not easy to explain why trustees have thus far refrained from investing on the basis of ethical choices.The fiduciary duty of a trustee or a person/s in the position of trustees is set out in the case of Lloyds Bank Limited v Bundy   wherein there is a special relationship between the trustee and beneficiary which places a fiduciary duty on a trustee’s shoulders to faithfully execute the testator’s will and honor his duties. A trustee will be liable for a breach of that trust. Trustees are obliged to act in an even-handed manner without any partiality or undue favoring of one beneficiary over the other, for examp le in the case of Re Smith, the courts held that a failure to act impartially constituted a breach of trust. A trustee is not only expected to exercise a duty in care, he/she is also expected to exercise a duty in cautionary investment and balance them between capital and income investments so that he/she refrains from selecting risky or speculative instruments.

Analysis Of The Mare Chicose Landfill Environmental Sciences Essay

Analysis Of The Mare Chicose Landfill Environmental Sciences Essay The purpose of this research was to have an overview of how a landfill is being managed. To be more knowledgeable of the techniques that is being put in practice for a good management. In addition, to identify the negative effects of landfill to workers, the population and environments. A site visit at Mare Chicose Landfill was conducted for that purpose. With the help of an Engineer the details were being explained and thus help in the refi nining of our checklist From the results, two important points were found: Landfill Gas and leachate pond which are major factors which need more attention to avoid negative effects. A Landfill which is not properly managed causes a lot of problems to the health, contamination of ground water, odours, and many health effects. 1.1 Objective of the research A site visit was conducted at Mare Chicose Landfill, in order to have an overview of how a landfill is managed. The purpose of the visit consists of identifying the hazards of the landfill present with evaluation and calculation of the risks. Furthermore, the control measures that are being adopted and to determine if the measures are adequate. 2. Literature Review 2.1 Definition of waste According to Taylor and Allen (1) any material which is of no further use can be regarded as waste. Human activities produced wastes materials. Waste management philosophies outlined that most wastes can be reused or recycled. Waste can be classified into solid, liquid, gaseous. Sources of solid wastes include residential, commercial, institutional, construction and demolition, municipal wastes, treatment plant sites, industrial, agricultural (Tchobanoglous 1993). With the increase in population rate during the last decades, the generation of waste has accelerated, due to industrialization and urbanization and furthermore, with the developments of technology and science also (Cardinali Richard, 2001). Increase in standard of living has given rise to waste generation and efficient and effective control measures need to be implemented so as not to deteriorate the health of people and the environment (Khalil Nadeem, Khan Mubashra, 2009). It has been a great concern and much attention ha s been given internationally on this issue. Each country has different waste hierarchy and options due to different geography, cultures, environment among others. (Pitt Michael, 2005). According to a recent study carried out in UK (reported in Recycling World, October 2000) Austria, Netherlands, Sweden, Germany growth in recovery and recycling exceeds the growth in waste. Followed by Denmark and Switzerland but in the slow lane are France, UK, and Norway where there use of landfill has increased. (Cardinali Richard, 2001). 2.2 Integrated Solid Waste Management and Waste Hierarchy Therefore in the light of these growing concerns many professionals have proposed theories and solutions as to how the pollution can be minimized (Halawani et al.1993).Also, in an attempt to reduce the final volumes of wastes and to have sufficient funds for waste management the recycling process and recovery material can be used to get funds for waste management; whereby, the Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) comes into the picture. Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) is a framework that helps us to understand waste management and most importantly how to reduce wastes. (1):http://www.Taylor and Allen Therefore, it proposes a Waste Management Hierarchy for the best solution that put waste management options in order of sustainability, from the most favoured option to the least desired one. (Shown in figure 1).The Waste Management Hierarchy is a list of approaches to managing waste, arranged in order of preferability. The Environmental Protection Acts of most Australian States treats the Waste Hierarchy as a core principle and the UK Environment Agency supports the Waste Hierarchy as a general guide to selecting the best option for dealing with waste.   However, despite the fact that it is widely used throughout the developed world, some critics have questioned the effectiveness of the model is actually implemented.   For instance, in Australia implementation of the hierarchy has been patchy, with most effort to date focused on recycling and composting (Gertsakis and Lewis, 2003).   Figure 1: Sustainability and The Waste Management Hierarchy (adapted from J.Gertsakis and H Lewis, 2003) Also in an attempt to reduce waste, the chairman of the US Senate Environment and Public Works committee, suggest that manufacturers must take full responsibility of their products from the whole life cycle of the products and when it becomes waste also thus reducing the burdens on the municipalities (Cardinali, 2001). Both the developed and developing countries have experienced accidents due to releases of hazardous wastes(UNEP,1994,FEPA,1991:Shaw,1992)At the international level, the awareness regarding waste began in 1992 with the Rio Conference, where efficient handling of waste was priority of the Agenda 21.The Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002 focused on initiatives to accelerate the shift to sustainable consumption and production and the reduction of resource degradation, pollution and waste by giving priority to waste reduction recycling, reuse followed by the safe disposal of waste .Therefore, as a measure of precaution it is in the best interest for most countries to make landfill as the last resort and option. 2.3 Overview of Landfills Landfill is the cheapest method for disposal of waste: it is immensely used by many countries. Solid wastes, is any unwanted or discarded solid item. Municipal Solid Waste comes from homes, businesses and other urban areas. But the heavy dependency on the landfill has led to filling up of most landfill sites. Example in America before 1988, 80% of MSW were disposed of in landfills. By 2009 four or five landfills in operation will be full and the cost of a new one cost approximately $90 million (Anonymous, 1992). According to Dr. W.L. Rathje, a garbologist at the University of Arizona, he gave this shocking testimony to the scale of modern landfills at a governmental hearing, quoting that: I was told that the largest monument ever built by a New World civilization was the Temple of the Sun, built in Mexico about 2000 years ago. It occupied thirty million cubic feet. I can still remember my shock when my students told me that A San Francisco landfill, made up of two mounds compiled since 1977 solely out of cover dirt and the MSW from three cities, held seventy million cubic feet, a total of nearly five Sun Temples. Landfills are clearly the largest refuse heaps in the world. Since land is a scarce resource, therefore the European union has sensitized many countries on the need to use sustainable methods .In this context therefore, the waste hierarchy (consisting of waste minimization, reuse, recovery; recovery such as energy recovery from incineration and finally disposal to landfill) and the BPEO (Best Practicable Environmental Option) are widely encourage to be used. Even though the amount of waste has diminished still the amounts of waste disposed of to landfill have increased (Pitt Michael, 2005). 2.31 Zero landfill Zero waste is a philosophy that promotes the redesign of resource life cycles so that all products are reused. Any wastes sent to landfills are minimal. Zero waste is not only about recycling but also avoiding landfills and preventing from waste production itself. The paradox is that the proportion of waste going into landfill may decrease but the volumes of Municipal solid waste are increasing ant that too in excess of 3 percent yearly for many developed nations (Douglas, 1992). The concept of zero landfill can never be achieved fully because there will be still a minimum of waste generated therefore landfill will always continue to exist. 2.32 Landfill Management: After being landfilled the waste decomposes into chemical and biological processes normally taking more than 50 years. But during the degradation process the solid waste generates 0.2 m3 of contaminated wastewater known as leachate, which in turn depending on the climate (amount of rainfall) and types of waste its colour varies from black to brown .Rainfall plays a very important role in creating leachates. Factors affecting leachates are: age, precipitation, seasonal weather variation, waste types and composition. Leachate include several parameters such as COD,BOD5, organic carbon, ammonia nitrogen , chlorides, iron manganese, phenols and AOX but little or no phosphorus.(2).Therefore pretreatment of leachate is vital. Treatment of leachate constitutes of: Leachate chanelling: Combined treatment with domestic sewage, Recycling, Biological treatment: aerobic or anaerobic, chemical precipitation: to remove high strength of ammonium nitrogen. CW (constructed wetland) is, however, a rel atively new approach to eliminating environmental pollution, based on purification of waste waters with halophytes planted in an artificial wetland and employing the self-cleaning ability of ecosystems for its biological treatment process. Presently, some hundred CWs are in operation in Europe (Bulc et al., 1998) Capping: Once cell is filled to maximum of waste, it is covered to prevent the entry of precipitation (rainfall) and the escape of gas, odour and introduction of further leachate. Moreover, can place soil over the capping or covering for a better protection. Two types of sealing liner: polymeric geomembranes and geosynthetic clay liners. Caps should include a drainage layer above and a gas collection layer between the caps lining system. Leachate pond affect groundwater if leakage. More polluted groundwater will be discharged into streams wetlands and lakes. 2.33 Landfill Gas and Flaring It is formed from the biodegradation of wastes. It normally occurs at elevated temperatures and eventually it will be saturated with water vapour. The major components of LFG are methane and carbon dioxide. Methane is an odourless gas and travelling away from sites can cause landfills fires when combines with air in certain proportions. Three processes by which landfill gas occurs; Bacterial decomposition, volatilization, and chemical reactions. The volume of landfill gas produced at a site depends on these factors: waste composition, age of refuse, presence of oxygen in the landfill, moisture content, and temperature. Source (2): http:www.scitopics.com Figure 2: Typical Gas Composition at an engineered Landfill Site. (Adapted from Environment Agency November 2002) The purpose of landfill gas flaring is to dispose of the flammable constituents safely and furthermore to avoid negative effects caused by odours, Care must be taken in the management of LFG so as to; Reduce impact on air quality; Gas does not spread beyond the perimeter of the site, to avoid landfill fires, to permit energy recovery and also to avoid odour and health risks. 2.34 Important points to be considered in the design of a landfill and facilities required inside the landfill are: Nature and quantities of waste, water control, operational and restoration requirements, construction effects must be considered ,risk assessment, protection of soil and water, leachate management, gas control and Environmental nuisances. Moreover, the access of the landfill, the opening hours, types of wastes accepted should be marked and displayed at the entrance. In addition to that provision of an office plus the first aid area, bathing and toilet facilities, lockers, mess rooms, waste reception area ,store, parking area and a wheel clearer is essential for preventing mud from being carried out on the public road lastly the provision of adequate water supply in case of fire. 2.35 Health effects on Landfilling Landfills should be the last resorts due to the scarcity of lands and many health problems encountered through it. There is a large body of literature on the potential adverse health effects of different waste management options. Example in a research done by (Saffron Lisa, 2003) it has been found that 220 papers have been published about the health effects from landfill sites. Many studies have been made on human populations about the hazards to health from landfill sites (Pitt Michael, 2005) but 101 are based on health impacts of landfill sites and 23 about health impacts of contaminated drinking water. Six papers discovered the evidence linking health effects with landfill sites. (Vrijheid M, 2000), revealed that health problems associated include respiratory symptoms, irritation of the skin, nose and eyes, gastrointestinal problems, fatigue, headaches. Environmental (Vrijheid M, 2000).These studies was conducted in order to look for a link between landfill sites and the following health outcomes: Reproductive outcomes(31studies),Cancer(29), psychosocial impacts(19), health problem not specified in abstract(14),mortality(5), injuries poisoning(2).Also EPA, revealed that many problems which occurred are because of the poor management of landfills. Most often theses problems are long term and include possible contamination of the groundwater and surface water regimes, among others. According to recent research, it was found that women who live near landfill sites has an elevated risk of having a baby with congenital malformations and also suffers from stress, fatigues, headaches, eye infections or irritations, coughs, stuffy noise, dry throat, and nausea and spontaneous abortions.(www://bmj.com).Also the other health impacts associated according to another research done by an international journal (Saffron lisa et al. ,2003) revealed that there is an increased risk of contracting cancer and also it contribute to global warming and loss of biodiversity as well and the depletion of non-renewable resources. In addition, mentioned was made in this journal that people living near and far off the sites contracts nearly same types of health problems. Each people immune systems are different; one can be more resistant while the others can be less. Research on Landfill site in Nant-y-Gwyddon revealed that an increase rate in congenital abnormalities in residents near the site, but it has been challenged by (Roberts et al: 2000).They were also suffering from stress, fatigues, headaches, eye infections or irritation, coughs, stuffy nose, dry throat and nausea and spontaneous abortions. Also the birth prevalence of gastoschisis seems to be increasing internally and nationally. The main weakness of the studies about landfill health effects is the complete lack of exposure data. Where the hazards from landfill sites have been identified, as is the case in the National Priorities List sites in the USA, it is possible to estimate exposure using the EPA Human Exposure Model (Wolfinger, 1989). The results of this type of analysis are uncertain and are based on risky assumptions. These remain estimates, not data. Most often theses problems are long term and include possible contamination of the groundwater and surface water regimes, odour, noise and visual nuisances (EPA). In an international journal (Saffron lisa,2003) revealed that there is an increased risk of contracting cancer and also it contribute to global warming and loss of biodiversity as well and the depletion of non-renewable resources, mentioned was made in this journal that people living near and far off the sites contracts nearly same types of health problems. Each people immune systems are different; one can be more resistant while the others can be less. Figure3: Components of landfill (adapted from Department of Environmental Conservation New York) The above figure shows the components and how the landfill has been design considering the different layers from the top to the bottom. In order to promote rainfall run-off away from the landfill a 24-inch thick barrier protection layer composition of soil and overlying 6 inches of vegetation topsoil serve to prevent the underlying geomembrane. To avoid again infiltration of rainfall a 60 mm geomenbrane along with the underlying low permeability clay layer are placed, thus this is done to avoid generation of additional leachate. Sand or gravel together with pipe lines are being placed so as to collect landfill gasses generated by decomposition waste. It is then followed by the waste mass, where all the waste is stock till decomposition. It is obvious that waste which contains water generate leachate therefore a primary leachate collection with pipe in place, so as to prevent the contamination of deep water sources a 60mm thick geomembrane underlines the leachate collection system and on the bottom of landfill syrong textile component to make a composite liner. However, another secondary leachate collection pipe is present after structural fill to avoid completely the leachate underground contamination. The final is a plastic geomembrane is to protect again the soil and the deep water sources. This design serves to protect the environment from contaminants which may be present in the municipal solid waste. The landfill siting plan, which prevents the siting of landfills in environmentally sensitive areas, as well as on-site environmental monitoring systems, which monitor for any sign of groundwater contamination and for landfill gas, provide additional safeguard. 2.36 Specifically Engineered Landfill (Basel Convention UNEP) At the start of the project, proper planning shall be carried out considering that the landfill would not cause harm either to people or environment. Therefore high standard of controlling measures shall be put in place and establish control procedures which would monitor and even anticipate what to do after all cells have been filled. Hazardous waste must be disposed off before reaching the landfill and it can be done by either incineration or physio chemical processors. 2.37 Health and safety aspects associated with solid waste management All activities in solid waste management involve risk. From the place of collection to the final stage in landfill risk is directly associated. However, we need to quantify the risk and identify the main hazard which may cause harm to people thus having a direct impact on the business. Risk which exists and is liable to cause damage to our health safety and even welfare and can be categorized in the following context: Disease, injuries and accident Disease -Illnesses which comprise of infectious disease, allergies, respiratory damage and even cancer. Some disease is derived from direct injections of infectious micro-organisms, others involve infection through contamination of the food chain, whereby animals or other vectors have ingested infectious micro-organisms Injuries joint and spinal damage, fractures, puncture wounds, damage to eyes and ears and other part of the body Accidents- slides from unstable disposal piles, cave-ins of disposal site surfaces, fires, explosions, being caught in processing equipment, and being run over by mobile equipment The workers are greatly exposed to the various risk at the landfill are specially, those who get involves in the segagation process. This practice is good for the recycling processes but its health consequence is beard up by workers. Those workers are exposed to fecal matters, saturated toxic materials, bottle with chemical residues, metals containers with residues pesticides and solvents, needle and bandages from hospital, battery containing heavy metals, not to forget the pollution caused by the mechanical vehicles which is inhale by the workers. Moving into more details the occupational illnesses and health consequences which cause tremendous nuisance to the workers exposed in a landfill are:- The risk of vibration from heavy vehicles cause damage to the back and joint also the lifting of waste fill containers can damage our spine in the long run and if over- exposed very detrimental in the short run From our respiratory ingestion of particulates bio-aerosol, and volatile organic are penetrated in our system through our routes of entry Infection are being caused from direct contact with contamination material, dog and rodent bites, or eating of waste fed animals Wounds punctured or bruised can contribute or cause health problems like tetanus, hepatitis, and HIV infections. Frequent head and nausea are caused from anoxic condition where disposal sites have high methane, CO2 and carbon monoxide. The consequences of burning metals arise the risk of lead poisoning.(Sandra Cointreau,2006) 2.38 The need for risk assessment in a landfill Risk assessment is important in a landfill as it contributes in the planning process. Strategic goals are being evaluated based on the risk assessment carried out. The identification of hazards is essential so as to mitigate the various risks present in the landfill. Engineering and administrative control would be based on the risk assessment done and this show the gravity or severity of the hazard present in the landfill. This is done in order to mitigate the negative impact on environment. Risk assessment in a landfill would comprise of undergoing to find ways how to control or even reduce the deterioration of ecological system, As the analysis of two major areas: Adverse health and environmental effects of exposure to hazardous chemical and failure of complex technological system. The risk assessment of a landfill should take place well in advance before it is in operation and this analysis would identify the various problem which may crop up and predict or design ways how to mitigate risk and find appropriate control measure. Nevertheless, the ecological risk assessment and the engineering risk assessment must be combining under one main component which is the environmental risk assessment. Developing the risk assessment we should know:- What are types of waste we are dealing are they harmful? We must know who are exposed to those hazards(people, animals, aquatic life etc) (3)To what extent it is affecting environment (magnitude, frequency)? (4)Is there the need to provide corrective measures? Risk assessment involvement in the landfill would be a continuous process and it shall be carried out even after its closure. So, this evaluation exercise predicts and illustrates preventive measures for the environment. (TE Butt, 2008) 3 METHODOLOGY: HEALTH AND SAFETY TOUR AT MARE CHICOSE SANITARY LANDFILL 3.1 OBJECTIVE A site visit was organized on 29/09/10 at Mare Chicose sanitary landfill. The purpose of the visit was to see the geographical location of the landfill, understand the management operations, vehicular movement control, and plant installations requirements and identify the hazards with evaluation of the risks present in the landfill. A checklist was formerly prepared prior to the visit on the hazards. Most of the work was adopted from Hobart City Council/Environmental aspects register (3) 3.2 OBSERVATIONS The Mare Chicose sanitary landfill is the only engineered landfill of Mauritius and it covers an area of about 32 hectares of land. It is operational since November 2007 and is managed by sotravic ltee. The sanitary landfill has been constructed with a designed capacity of about 20,000 tons of solid waste. It was scheduled during design stage to receive about 300 tons of waste daily but actually receive 1200 ton per day. The five cells of the landfill as at to date are full. The construction of a 6th cell is under construction to respond to the increasing demand of waste disposal which include municipal waste, textile waste, tyres and papers. At the construction phase, precautionary measures have been taken not to contaminate underground water table. The bed is protected by a layer of high density polyethylene impermeable membrane followed by 400g/m2 three layers of non woven geotextile. Above it follows a thick layer of aggregates of size 32mm which is finally covered by another layer of 1.5mm geotextile. In between are located leachate pipes whose functions are to collect the liquid leachate to a leachate pond. In the design of the main pipes for leachate, the annual rainfall factor has been considered so that the accumulated rainfall on the bed is properly disposed off. Management of leachate is very important to ensure that there is no run out in drains and neighboring fields and cause environmental concern. Leachate also produce odour which is reduced with use of synthetic cover made of biodegradable plastic on top of the solid waste. (3): source http://www.risk assessement landfill The depth of the landfill is usually 4m. However the solid wastes are piled up to a height of 25 to 50m above ground level and are protected again on top with another layers of geotextile membranes, aggregates, sub soil and top soil which prevents infiltration of rain water in the disposed waste. Most of the disposed wastes in the landfill are organic and the settlement of the waste in the present cells will be about 6 metre over 15 years. It should be noted that methane gas is produced in dangerous concentration at bottom as a byproduct during decomposition of the waste in anaerobic condition. This gas has a green house effect and is managed through a flaring system: the gas is captured by aspiration from bottom of the landfill through a 460mm diameter slotted pipe to prevent its direct migration into the air. Methane is collected in a gas flare plant which has a capacity of 1500 m3 of gas per hour. It receives the gas through gas well chambers which are located on top of the capping. One gas well chambers cover a radius of 40m of the capped landfill. The captured methane gas is either used to produce electricity or is released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide after the flaring process. The following analysis is done on monthly basis to prevent environmental problem: ,Leachate, Surface water for storm water monitoring, Underground water table and boreholes, air monitoring through gas analyser for CH4, CO2, and O2 (every three month), noise ,dust. The following health and safety measures have been taken at the landfill: The 50 workers posted are vaccinated against Tetanus and Hepatitis at intervals of six months. Regular health surveillance/medical checkup by a medical practitioner. Protective equipment provided: Earmuff, rubber boot, respiratory mask and eye goggle. All loaders/compacters in use are air conditioned and the machines are designed such that there is no risk of overturning. The landfill is a restricted area and access is authorized only with permission from Ministry of Local Government. All staff are trained in fire safety and first aid No work normally done inside waste- breathing apparatus is used if required. No radioactive waste, acids and medical waste are accepted. All liquid waste are directed to St Martin. All electronic waste are disposed off in separate concrete basin known as encapsulation. All asbestos are received only in sealed bags and disposed off deep in trenches and properly backfilled. A risk assessment was carried out during the health and safety tour at the sanitary landfill. The hazards identified have been evaluated in terms of its likelihood that a problem may occur and the damage it might cause. The consequences or potential severity of injury or damage, measured on a scale has also been assessed and a risk score given by multiplying the likelihood scale with the severity scale. The risk assessment carried out is quantitative and has been adapted from the five steps to risk assessment from the Health and Safety Executive. The steps are as follows: STEP ONE- Identifying the hazards STEP TWO Determine the risk or decide who might be harmed. STEP THREE Evaluate if the risk is tolerable. STEP FOUR Record the findings and prepare risk control plan. STEP FIVE Review the assessment if there is change in any work procedure/equipment. 3.3 RISK ASSESSMENT AT MARE CHICOSE For the purpose of this project, the following definition has been considered: HAZARD Hazard is defined as a source of inherent potential to cause harm or damage or injury. RISK Risk is defined as the likelihood/probability of the harm or damage or injury occurring. The risk assessment was carried out to evaluate the environmental and occupational hazards present on the landfill to determine the level of action required to reduce the risks to an acceptable level. When evaluating the risks imposed by the hazard, we have considered both the likelihood and severity of the event happening. LIKELIHOOD This is defined as the chance of an event actually occurring. When making an assessment of likelihood, we established which of the following categories most closely describes the likelihood of the hazardous event occurring: Very Likely Could happen frequently Likely Could happen occasionally Unlikely Could happen, but only rarely Very Unlikely Could happen but probably never will SEVERITY Severity is defined as a measure of the expected consequence should an accident occur. When assessing the consequences of an accident, the most severe category one could reasonably expect to result from that accident has been selected. The severity is categorized as follows: Major injuries irreversible injury and Death Moderate injuries a serious injury or damage to health requiring extended time off work to effect best recovery. Minor injuries a reversible injury or damage to health needing several days away from work to recover. Recovery would be full and permanent. Insignificant Injuries-require first aid only and may need the remainder of the work period or shift off before being able to return to work. Requires no action to control.When making the risk assessment, all aspects of likelihood and severity has been taken into consideration. The interrelated parameters of likelihood and severity has been defined as risk score and any score of 9 and above is rated as unacceptable or of significant risk requiring immediate action with implementation of important control measures. CONTROL MEASURES Control measures are defined as corrective measures already in place to reduce the risk at an acceptable level. Consideration shall also be taken that these control measures are either engineering or administrative. However, some other control measures do exists but it all depends on the financial position of the organization and also to what extent are the control measures appropriate for the hazard present. These control measure are adopted in order to either eliminate completely the hazard or to mitigate the hazards. Implemented by whom and when The health and safety officer shall propose to management the measure to be taken and who responsible to implement the control measure. Also, depending on the urgency and the degree of risk that the environment is exposed to, a time frame shall be established. Thus, in any work which has been delegated by the management to the department concern, the latter shall be responsible and also accountable in time limit proposed. VISIT TO MARE CHICOSE SANITARY LANDFILL SITE (Risk Assessment carried out on 29/09/10) LIKELIHOOD: 1=Very unlikely 2=unlikely 3=likely 4=very likely. SEVERITY: 1=Insigni

Federal Welfare Reform Essay -- Poverty

Federal Welfare Reform: A Critical Perspective Abstract: This project will examine â€Å"welfare reform,† which was signified by the signing of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act (PRWOA) in 1996. PRWOA replaced the original welfare act of 1935, titled Aid to Dependent Children (later changed to Aid to Families with Dependent Children), with the program Temporary Assistance to needy Families (TANF). Under PRWOA, TANF was instated as a system of block grants allocated to states to implement their own forms of assistance and replaced programs like the cash-assistance program, Aid to Families with Dependent Children, and the Job Opportunities and Basic Skills Training. The most influential change of this legislation among others has been the implementation of required work hours and strict time limits to how long families may receive aid, implying that people can simply will their way out of poverty provided they work hard enough. While the significant fall of TANF cash assistance caseloads within the program’s first five years has been celebrated as proof of reform’s success, the new era of welfare can only be considered a success if America views the transformation of the welfare poor to the working poor an achievement. Review of the Literature: In conducting my research, it was interesting to find dramatically divergent perspectives on the topic of welfare reform, especially considering that each perspective gave the impression that their argument was based on quantitative facts. The sources I consulted that were affiliated with the federal government, such as statistics and fact sheets from the Administration for Children and Families (ACF) as well as the Whitehouse website, were the most optim... ...erg, Heidi. â€Å"Recent TANF Proposals Would Hinder Successful State Efforts to Help Families Overcome Barriers to Employment and Find Better- Paying Jobs.† Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. 9 May 2002. Melendez, Edwin et al. â€Å"Community College Participation in Welfare Programs: Do State Policies Matter?† Community College Journal of Research and Practice. 27.3 (2003). Shipler, David K. The Working Poor: Invisible in America. Vintage Books. New York, 2004. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families. Factsheets â€Å"Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF).† October 2003. . The White House. Office of the Press Secretary. Factsheet. â€Å"President Calls for Action on Welfare Reform.† 14 January 2003. .

Humanities Prejudice And Persecution Coursework Essay

Why did the Nazis hate the Jews? Did Nazi Propaganda make the German people prejudiced against the Jewish race? How successful were the policies of the Nazi government in establishing an anti- Semitic society? In this coursework I will be explaining why the Nazi’s hated the Jews. I will explain what propaganda is and if the Nazi propaganda makes the German people prejudiced against the Jewish race, and how successful the policies to establish an anti-Semitic were. The term prejudice means an attitude (about a person or group) that is formed without having all the facts. This usually involves disliking somebody, mostly because of their ethnicity, sexuality, religion etc. Prejudice attitudes are learned. For example children in Nazi Germany were taught to hate Jews, which is like anti- Semitic. Germans were influenced by the use of propaganda to prejudice them and make them discriminate against the Jews. The main reason for this was because of Adolf Hitler. The term discrimination means when treating someone in a different way, usually less well, because they belong to a particular group. The Nazi’s treated the Jews differently, due to their religion and they discriminated the Jews as they way they looked like. The term persecution is to treat an individual or group badly. Hitler persecuted the Jews as soon as he came to power in 1993. Adolf Hitler persecuted Jews in many different ways. The way that Hitler persecuted the Jews were: When Hitler seized power in 1933 he used his powers under the ‘enabling law’ to begin his attack on the Jews. In 1938 the attacks on the Jews became more violent with Himmler the head of the SS and the Gestapo launching Kristallnacht on 11th November 1938. By 1939, half of Germany’s 500,000 Jews had emigrated to escape Nazi persecution. In 1939, Germany invaded Poland which had a much larger population of 3 million Jews. In 1941, Germany invaded Russia which had a population of 5 million Jews. Himmler sent four special trained SS units called ‘Einsatzgruppen battalions’ into German occupied territory and shot at least 1 million Jews. Victims were taken to deserted areas where they were made to dig their own graves and shot. Nazi Propaganda: The Nazi’s propaganda in those days was seen as Anti Semitic. Propaganda was an organized way of media that convinced people this could be done by ideas, information, rumours or opinions. The major purpose for the Nazi’s propaganda was to make the German people prejudiced against the Jews race. Another purpose why propaganda was used was a ‘brainwashing’ of the public convincing them of an ideological viewpoint. The Nazi’s propaganda portrayed the Jews as: fat, greedy, lazy, people with big crooked noses, ugly, dark, hooded eyes, nasty, evil, disloyal, unclean, wealthy, powerful and sly. To do this the Nazi’s made sure that their propaganda’s were everywhere. They were more noticed on, for example; posters on windows, cars, walls and also the Nazi’s propaganda was broadcasted on television and films were also made to show the way Nazi’s prejudiced the Jews and was held on the radio. I will now be showing some propaganda posters, which shows positive posters and negative posters. image01.jpg ‘The External Jew’ Poster from a Museum. This propaganda shows a negative outlook about the Jews; it shows Jews being ugly with a crooked nose. The money portrays that Jews are selfish and are money grabbers in the German society. This poster explains the Jews being selfish as they have a lot of money. The whip in this poster indicates that Jews are trying to take control of the German society. This is a negative propaganda towards the Jews. A German Beer Mat This is a Negative propaganda, which shows a German beer mat with a Jew’s face on the mat. This beer mat that was created by the Germans and was put in all pubs. It also has a picture of a Jew showing a very ugly face. Jews are hated by the Germans. The Germans have created this image on the beer mat to show how much they hate the Jews and to show that they do not have any respect towards the Jews. This beer mat indicates ‘whoever buys from a Jew is a traitor to his people!’ People in pubs promote even more hatred against Jews. Anti- Semitic Propaganda in school An Anti-Semitic cartoon. From the German children’s book 1938 This is a negative propaganda which is taken from a German children’s book. This propaganda has both German children and Jewish children in a school. The stereotype here of the Jewish children is made to make them look horrible, dark and with big crooked noses. There is a distinct with the difference of Jews and Germans. Unlike the Jews the Germans stereotype was seen as clean and tidy and they are kept in a lighter area. From this propaganda you can clearly notify which children are Jewish or German as the stereotype comes in again. This propaganda is also to brainwash the German children. This poster explains Jews being kicked out of school, and is showing that without Jewish children the school is better. Showing the Ideal Aryan Family This propaganda is a Positive poster towards the Nazi’s. Because this is trying to promote the ‘Ideal Aryan Family’. We can see this is a positive propaganda as it shown by the fruit and flowers around the family. A fund raising poster for the Hitler Youth This is a Fund raising poster it shows a stunning Nazi girl. This is a positive propaganda towards the Germans. This poster indicates that Nazi’s are beautiful. They are pure good and generous. The tin displays the swastika, which is the Nazi symbol. Hitler posing with German children in 1936 This is a positive propaganda towards the Germans. This poster shows Hitler posing with 3 children from the Nazi Youth. They look extremely joyful as they are with who they believe was the ‘Saviour of Germany’. This poster explains Adolf Hitler is being seen as a father figure for the children. This also explains Hitler is trying to get their support for himself. A ‘Jew Free Area’ Sign This is a Jew Free area sign. From this sign, it shows that this leads to discrimination towards the Jews. This shows that Jews are restricted from going to swimming baths and public places. This propaganda was used to make the Jews jealous as they were unable to go to some places that had a sign like this. This shows Germans being good-looking and healthy, whereas in other propagandas it shows Jews being horrible and fat. In conclusion when the World War 1 had ended, Hitler convinced all the Germans that the Jews were scapegoats. The Nazi’s then used negative propagandas to discriminate the Jews every possible way. Hitler convinced all the Nazi’s about saying negative things about the Jews, Hitler brainwashed the Nazi’s which they began to hate the Jews. The Germans needed a saviour which Hitler came and took upon this role. Due to the fact that all the brainwashing Hitler started to do to the Germans so they were able to hate the Jews. The propagandas were so successful that it led to Hitler making the laws. By the propagandas being successful and the new laws made by Hitler this led the Jews dying in the holocaust. The holocaust is the name given to the slaughter of six million people, mostly Jews, during the Second War. Â